Trepanation is a surgical procedure in which a circular piece of bone is removed from the skull by a special saw-like instrument called a trephine or trepan. The operation is also known as trephination or trephining. The English word 'trepan' comes from the Greek word trypanon, which means 'auger' or 'drill.'Trepanation is perhaps the oldest form of neurosurgery. The procedure, which is called a craniotomy in medical terminology, involves the removal of a piece of bone from the skull and it has been performed since prehistoric times.
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